EE2401
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POWER SYSTEM OPERATION AND CONTROL
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L
T P C
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3
0 0 3
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AIM: To understand the day
to day operation of power system and the control actions to be implemented on the system to meet the
minute-to-minute variation of system load demand.
OBJECTIVES:
· To have an overview of power system operation
and control.
· To model power-frequency dynamics and to
design power-frequency controller.
· To model reactive power-voltage interaction
and the control actions to be implemented for maintaining the voltage profile
against varying system load.
UNIT
I INTRODUCTION 9
System load – variation - load characteristics - load curves and
load-duration curve (daily, weekly and annual) - load factor - diversity
factor. Importance of load forecasting and simple techniques of forecasting. An
overview of power system operation and control and the role of computers in the
implementation. (Qualitative treatment with block diagram).
UNIT
II REAL POWER - FREQUENCY CONTROL 9
Basics of speed governing mechanism and modeling - speed-load
characteristics – load sharing between two synchronous machines in parallel.
Control area concept LFC control of a single-area system. Static and dynamic
analysis of uncontrolled and controlled cases. Integration of economic dispatch
control with LFC. Two-area system – modeling - static analysis of uncontrolled
case - tie line with frequency bias control of two-area system - state variable
model.
UNIT
III REACTIVE POWER–VOLTAGE CONTROL 9
Basics of reactive power control. Excitation systems – modeling.
Static and dynamic analysis - stability compensation - generation and
absorption of reactive power. Relation between voltage, power and reactive
power at a node - method of voltage control - tap-changing transformer. System
level control using generator voltage magnitude setting, tap setting of OLTC
transformer and MVAR injection of switched capacitors to maintain acceptable
voltage profile and to minimize transmission loss.
UNIT
IV COMMITMENT AND ECONOMIC DISPATCH 9
Statement of economic dispatch problem – cost of generation –
incremental cost curve - co-ordination equations without loss and with loss,
solution by direct method and λ-iteration method. (No derivation of loss
coefficients).
Statement of Unit Commitment problem – constraints; spinning
reserve, thermal unit constraints, hydro constraints, fuel constraints and
other constraints. Solution methods - Priority-list methods - forward dynamic
programming approach. Numerical problems only in priority-list method using
full-load average production cost.
UNIT
V COMPUTER CONTROL OF POWER SYSTEMS 9
Need of computer control of power systems. Concept of energy
control centre (or) load dispatch centre and the functions - system monitoring
- data acquisition and control. System hardware configuration – SCADA and EMS
functions. Network topology - state estimation - security analysis and control.
Various operating states (Normal, alert, emergency, in-extremis and
restorative). State transition diagram showing various state transitions and
control strategies.
TOTAL : 45 PERIODS
TEXT BOOKS
1. Allen. J. Wood and Bruce F. Wollenberg, ‘Power
Generation, Operation and Control’, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2003.
2. Chakrabarti & Halder, “Power System
Analysis: Operation and Control”, Prentice Hall of India, 2004 Edition.
REFERENCES
1. D.P. Kothari and I.J. Nagrath, ‘Modern Power
System Analysis’, Third Edition, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company Limited,
New Delhi, 2003. (For Chapters 1, 2 & 3)
2. L.L. Grigsby, ‘The Electric Power Engineering,
Hand Book’, CRC Press & IEEE Press, 2001.
3. Hadi Saadat, “Power System Analysis”, (For the
chapters 1, 2, 3 and 4)11th Reprint 2007.
4. P.Kundur, ‘Power System Stability and Control’
MC Craw Hill Publisher, USA, 1994.
EE2402
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PROTECTION AND SWITCHGEAR
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L
T P C
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3
0 0 3
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AIM: To introduce the
students to the various abnormal operating conditions in power system and describe the apparatus and system
protection schemes. Also to describe the phenomena of current interruption to
study the various switchgears.
OBJECTIVES:
· To discuss the causes
of abnormal operating conditions (faults, lightning and switching surges) of
the apparatus and system.
· To understand the characteristics and
functions of relays and protection schemes.
· To understand the problems associated with
circuit interruption by a circuit breaker.
UNIT I
INTRODUCTION 9
Importance of protective schemes for electrical apparatus and
power system. Qualitative review of faults and fault currents - relay terminology
– definitions - and essential qualities of protection.
Protection against
over voltages due to lightning and switching - arcing grounds - Peterson Coil -
ground wires - surge absorber and diverters
Power System earthing – neutral
Earthing - basic ideas of insulation coordination.
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|
UNIT II OPERATING
PRINCIPLES AND RELAY CHARACTERISTICS
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9
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Electromagnetic relays
– over current, directional and non-directional, distance, negative sequence,
differential and under frequency relays – Introduction to static relays.
UNIT
III APPARATUS PROTECTION 9
Main considerations in apparatus protection - transformer,
generator and motor protection - protection of busbars. Transmission line
protection - zones of protection. CTs and PTs and their applications in
protection schemes.
UNIT
IV THEORY OF CIRCUIT INTERRUPTION 9
Physics of arc phenomena and arc interruption. DC and AC circuit
breaking - restriking voltage and recovery voltage - rate of rise of recovery
voltage - resistance switching - current chopping - interruption of capacitive
current.
UNIT
V CIRCUIT BREAKERS 9
Types of circuit
breakers – air blast, air break, oil, SF6 and vacuum circuit
breakers – comparative merits of different circuit breakers – testing of
circuit breakers.
TOTAL : 45 PERIODS
TEXT BOOKS:
1. M.L. Soni, P.V. Gupta, V.S. Bhatnagar, A. Chakrabarti, ‘A
Text Book on Power System Engineering’, Dhanpat Rai & Co., 1998. (For All
Chapters 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5).
2. R.K.Rajput, A Tex book
of Power System Engineering. Laxmi Publications, First Edition Reprint 2007.
REFERENCES
1. Sunil S. Rao, ‘Switchgear and Protection’, Khanna publishers,
New Delhi, 1986.
2. C.L. Wadhwa, ‘Electrical Power Systems’, Newage International
(P) Ltd., 2000.
3. B. Ravindranath, and N. Chander, ‘Power System Protection &
Switchgear’, Wiley Eastern Ltd., 1977.
4. Badri Ram, Vishwakarma, ‘Power System Protection and
Switchgear’, Tata McGraw Hill, 2001.
5. Y.G. Paithankar and S.R. Bhide, ‘Fundamentals of Power System
Protection’, Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi–110001, 2003.
EE 2403
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SPECIAL ELECTRICAL MACHINES
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L
T P C
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3
0 0 3
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AIM
To expose the students
to the construction, principle of operation and performance of special
electrical machines as an extension to the study of basic electrical machines.
OBJECTIVES
To impart knowledge on
· Construction,
principle of operation and performance of synchronous reluctance motors.
· Construction, principle of operation, control
and performance of stepping motors.
· Construction, principle of operation, control
and performance of switched reluctance motors.
· Construction, principle of operation, control
and performance of permanent magnet brushless D.C. motors.
· Construction, principle of operation and
performance of permanent magnet synchronous motors.
UNIT I
SYNCHRONOUS RELUCTANCE MOTORS 9
Constructional features – Types – Axial and Radial flux motors –
Operating principles – Variable Reluctance and Hybrid Motors – SYNREL Motors –
Voltage and Torque Equations - Phasor diagram - Characteristics.
UNIT
II STEPPING MOTORS 9
Constructional features – Principle of operation – Variable
reluctance motor – Hybrid motor – Single and multi stack configurations –
Torque equations – Modes of excitations – Characteristics – Drive circuits –
Microprocessor control of stepping motors – Closed loop control.
UNIT
III SWITCHED RELUCTANCE MOTORS 9
Constructional features – Rotary and Linear SRMs - Principle of
operation – Torque production – Steady state performance prediction- Analytical
method -Power Converters and their controllers – Methods of Rotor position sensing
– Sensor less operation – Closed loop control of SRM - Characteristics.
UNIT
IV PERMANENT MAGNET BRUSHLESS D.C. MOTORS 9
Permanent Magnet materials – Magnetic Characteristics –
Permeance coefficient - Principle of operation – Types – Magnetic circuit
analysis – EMF and torque equations – Commutation - Power controllers – Motor
characteristics and control.
UNIT
V PERMANENT MAGNET SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS 9
Principle of operation – Ideal PMSM – EMF and Torque equations –
Armature reaction MMF – Synchronous Reactance – Sinewave motor with practical
windings - Phasor diagram – Torque/speed characteristics - Power controllers -
Converter Volt-ampere requirements.
TOTAL : 45 PERIODS
TEXT BOOKS
1. T.J.E. Miller,
‘Brushless Permanent Magnet and Reluctance Motor Drives’, Clarendon Press,
Oxford, 1989.
2. T. Kenjo, ‘Stepping Motors and Their
Microprocessor Controls’, Clarendon Press London, 1984.
REFERENCES
1. R.Krishnan, ‘Switched Reluctance Motor Drives
– Modeling, Simulation, Analysis, Design and Application’, CRC Press, New York,
2001.
2. P.P. Aearnley, ‘Stepping Motors – A Guide to
Motor Theory and Practice’, Peter Perengrinus, London, 1982.
3. T. Kenjo and S. Nagamori, ‘Permanent Magnet
and Brushless DC Motors’, Clarendon Press, London, 1988.
MG2351
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PRINCIPLES
OF MANAGEMENT
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L
T P C
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3
0 0 3
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||
UNIT I
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OVERVIEW OF MANAGEMENT
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9
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Definition - Management - Role of managers - Evolution of
Management thought - Organization and the environmental factors – Trends and
Challenges of Management in Global Scenario.
UNIT II
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PLANNING
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9
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Nature and purpose of planning -
Planning process - Types of plans – Objectives -
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-
|
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Managing by objective (MBO) Strategies - Types of strategies -
Policies - Decision Making - Types of decision - Decision Making Process -
Rational Decision Making Process - Decision Making under different conditions.
UNIT III ORGANIZING 9
Nature and purpose of organizing - Organization structure -
Formal and informal groups I organization - Line and Staff authority -
Departmentation - Span of control - Centralization and Decentralization -
Delegation of authority - Staffing - Selection and
Recruitment -
Orientation - Career Development -
Career stages – Training -
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-
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Performance Appraisal.
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UNIT IV
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DIRECTING
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9
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Creativity
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and Innovation
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-
Motivation and Satisfaction -
Motivation Theories
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-
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Leadership Styles - Leadership theories - Communication -
Barriers to effective communication - Organization Culture - Elements and types
of culture - Managing cultural diversity.
UNIT V CONTROLLING 9
Process of controlling - Types of control - Budgetary and
non-budgetary control techniques - Managing Productivity - Cost Control -
Purchase Control - Maintenance Control - Quality Control - Planning operations.
TOTAL= 45 PERIODS
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Stephen P. Robbins and Mary Coulter,
'Management', Prentice Hall of India, 8th edition.
2. Charles W L Hill, Steven L McShane,
'Principles of Management', Mcgraw Hill Education, Special Indian Edition,
2007.
REFERENCES:
1. Hellriegel, Slocum & Jackson, ' Management
- A Competency Based Approach’, Thomson South Western, 10th edition, 2007.
2. Harold Koontz, Heinz Weihrich and Mark V
Cannice, 'Management - A global & Entrepreneurial Perspective', Tata Mcgraw
Hill, 12th edition, 2007.
3. Andrew J. Dubrin, 'Essentials of Management',
Thomson Southwestern, 7th edition, 2007.
CS2411
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OPERATING SYSTEMS
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L T P C
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3 0 0 3
|
AIM: To learn the various aspects of operating systems
such as process management, memory management,
file systems, and I/O management
UNIT
I PROCESSES AND THREADS 9
Introduction to operating systems – review of computer organization
– operating system structures – system calls – system programs – system
structure – virtual machines. Processes: Process concept – Process scheduling –
Operations on processes – Cooperating processes – Interprocess communication –
Communication in client-server systems. Case study: IPC in Linux. Threads:
Multi-threading models – Threading issues. Case Study: Pthreads library
UNIT
II PROCESS SCHEDULING AND SYNCHRONIZATION 10
CPU Scheduling: Scheduling criteria – Scheduling algorithms –
Multiple-processor scheduling – Real time scheduling – Algorithm Evaluation.
Case study: Process scheduling in Linux. Process Synchronization: The
critical-section problem – Synchronization hardware – Semaphores – Classic
problems of synchronization – critical regions – Monitors. Deadlock: System
model – Deadlock characterization – Methods for handling deadlocks – Deadlock
prevention – Deadlock avoidance – Deadlock detection – Recovery from deadlock.
UNIT
III STORAGE MANAGEMENT 9
Memory Management: Background – Swapping – Contiguous memory
allocation – Paging – Segmentation – Segmentation with paging. Virtual
Memory:Background – Demand paging – Process creation – Page replacement
–Allocation of frames – Thrashing. Case Study: Memory management in Linux
UNIT
IV FILE SYSTEMS 9
File-System Interface: File concept – Access methods – Directory
structure –File-system mounting – Protection. File-System Implementation :
Directory implementation – Allocation methods – Free-space management –
efficiency and performance – recovery – log-structured file systems. Case
studies: File system in Linux – file system in Windows XP
UNIT V I/O SYSTEMS 8
I/O Systems – I/O Hardware – Application I/O interface – kernel
I/O subsystem – streams – performance. Mass-Storage Structure: Disk scheduling
– Disk management – Swap-space management – RAID – disk attachment – stable
storage – tertiary storage. Case study: I/O in Linux
TOTAL : 45 PERIODS
TEXT BOOKS
1. Silberschatz, Galvin, and Gagne, “Operating
System Concepts”, Sixth Edition, Wiley India Pvt Ltd, 2003.
2. D. M. Dhamdhere, “Operating Systems: A
concepts based approach”, Second Edition, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company
Ltd., 2006.
REFERENCES
1. Andrew S. Tanenbaum, “Modern Operating
Systems”, Second Edition, Pearson Education/PHI, 2001.
2. Harvey M. Deital, “Operating Systems”, Third
Edition, Pearson Education, 2004.
EE2404
|
POWER SYSTEM SIMULATION LABORATORY
|
L
T P C
|
0
0 3 2
|
AIM
To acquire software development skills and experience in the
usage of standard packages necessary for analysis and simulation of power
system required for its planning, operation and control.
OBJECTIVES
i. To develop simple C programs for the following
basic requirements:
a) Formation of bus admittance and impedance matrices and network
solution.
b) Power flow solution of small systems using simple method,
Gauss-Seidel P.F. method.
c) Unit Commitment and Economic Dispatch.
ii. To acquire experience in the usage of standard
packages for the following analysis / simulation / control functions.
a) Steady-state analysis of large system using NRPF and FDPF
methods.
b) Quasi steady-state (Fault) analysis for balanced and unbalanced
faults.
c) Transient stability simulation of multimachine power system.
d) Simulation of Load-Frequency Dynamics and control of power
system.
1. Computation of Parameters and Modelling of
Transmission Lines
2. Formation of Bus Admittance and Impedance
Matrices and Solution of Networks.
3. Load Flow Analysis - I : Solution of Load Flow
And Related Problems Using Gauss-Seidel Method
4. Load Flow Analysis - II: Solution of Load Flow
and Related Problems Using Newton-Raphson and Fast-Decoupled Methods
5. Fault Analysis
6. Transient and Small Signal Stability Analysis:
Single-Machine Infinite Bus System
7. Transient Stability Analysis of Multimachine
Power Systems
8. Electromagnetic Transients in Power Systems
9. Load – Frequency Dynamics of Single- Area and
Two-Area Power Systems
10. Economic Dispatch in Power Systems.
TOTAL : 45 PERIODS
Detailed Syllabus
1. COMPUTATION OF PARAMETERS AND MODELLING OF
TRANSMISSION LINES
Aim
(i) To determine the positive sequence line
parameters L and C per phase per kilometer of a three phase single and double
circuit transmission lines for different conductor arrangements.
(ii) To understand modelling and performance of
short, medium and long lines.
Exercises
1.1 Computation of series inductance and shunt
capacitance per phase per km of a three phase line with flat horizontal spacing
for single stranded and bundle conductor configuration.
1.2 Computation of series inductance and shunt
capacitance per phase per km of a three phase double circuit transmission line
with vertical conductor arrangement with bundle conductor.
.3 Computation of voltage, current, power factor,
regulation and efficiency at the receiving end of a three phase Transmission
line when the voltage and power at the sending end are given. Use П model.
1.4 Computation of receiving end voltage of a long
transmission for a given sending end voltage and when the line is open
circuited at receiving. Also compute the shunt reactor compensation to limit
the no load receiving end voltage to specified value.
1.5 Determination of the voltage profile along the
long transmission line for the following cases of loading at receiving end (i)
no load (ii) rated load (iii) surge impedance loading and (iv) receiving end
short circuited.
2. FORMATION OF BUS
ADMITTANCE AND IMPEDANCE MATRICES AND SOLUTION OF NETWORKS
Aim
To understand the formation of network matrices, the bus
admittance matrix Yand the bus impedance matrix Z of a power network, to effect certain required changes on these
matrices and to obtain network solution using these matrices.
Exercises
2.1 Write a program in C language for formation of
bus admittance matrix Y of a power network using the “Two-Rule
Method”, given the data pertaining to the transmission lines, transformers and
shunt elements. Run the program for a sample 6 bus system and compare the
results with that obtained using a standard software.
2.2 Modify the program developed in 2.1 for the
following:
(i) To obtain modified Y matrix for the outage of a transmission line, a Transformer and
a shunt element.
(ii) To obtain network
solution V given the current injection vector I
(iii) To obtain full Z matrix or certain specified columns of Z matrix.
Verify the correctness
of the modified program using 6 bus sample system
* 2.3 Write a
program in C language for forming bus impedance matrixZ using the “Building Algorithm”.
*
Optional (not mandatory)
EXPERIMENT 3
LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS - I
: SOLUTION OF LOAD FLOW AND RELATED PROBLEMS USING GAUSS-SEIDEL METHOD
Aim
(i) To understand, the basic aspects of steady
state analysis of power systems that are required for effective planning and
operation of power systems.
(ii) To understand, in particular, the mathematical formulation of
load flow model in complex form and a simple method of solving load flow
problems of small sized system using Gauss-Seidel iterative algorithm
Exercises
3.1 Write a program in c language for iteratively
solving load flow equations using Gauss-Seidel method with provision for
acceleration factor and for dealing with P-V buses. Run the program for a
sample 6 bus system (Base case) and compare the results with that obtained
using a standard software.
3.2 Solve the “Base case” in 3.1 for different
values of acceleration factor, draw the convergence characteristics “Iteration
taken for convergence versus acceleration factor” and determine the best
acceleration factor for the system under study.
3.3 Solve the “Base Case” in 3.1 for the following
changed conditions and comment on the results obtained, namely voltage
magnitude of the load buses and transmission losses:
(i) Dropping all shunt capacitors connected to
network
(ii) Changing the voltage setting of generators Vgi over the range 1.00 to 1.05
(iii) Changing the tap setting of the transformers,
ai, over the range 0.85 to 1.1
3.4 Resolve the base case in 3.1 after shifting
generation from one generator bus to another generator bus and comment on the
MW loading of lines and transformers.
4. LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS – I: SOLUTION OF LOAD FLOW
AND RELATED PROBLEMS USING NEWTON-RAPHSON AND FAST DECOUPLED METHODS
Aim
(i) To understand the following for medium and
large scale power systems:
(a) Mathematical
formulation of the load flow problem in real variable form
(b) Newton-Raphson method
of load flow (NRLF) solution
(c) Fast Decoupled method
of load flow (FDLF) solution
(ii) To become proficient in the usage of software
for practical problem solving in the areas of power system planning and
operation.
(iii) To become proficient in the usage of the
software in solving problems using Newton-Raphson and Fast Decoupled load flow
methods.
Exercises
4.1 Solve the load flow problem (Base case) of a
sample 6 bus system using Gauss-Seidel, Fast Decoupled and Newton-Raphson Load
Flow programs for a mismatch convergence tolerance of 0.01 MW, plot the
convergence characteristics and compare the convergence rate of the three
methods.
4.2 Obtain an optimal (minimum transmission loss)
load flow solution for the Base case loading of 6 bus sample system by trial
and error approach through repeated load flow solutions using Fast Decoupled
Load Flow package for different combinations of generator voltage settings,
transformer tap settings, and reactive power of shunt elements.
4.3 Carry out contingency analysis on the optimal
state obtained in 4.2 for outage of a transmission line using FDLF or NRLF
package.
4.4 Obtain load flow solutions using FDLF or NRLF
package on the optimal state obtained in 4.2 but with reduced power factor
(increased Q load) load and comment on the system voltage profile and
transmission loss.
4.5 Determine the maximum loadability of a 2 bus
system using analytical solution as well as numerical solution using FDLF
package. Draw the P-V curve of the system.
4.6 For the base case operating state of the 6 bus
system in 4.1 draw the P-V curve for the weakest load bus. Also obtain the
voltage Stability Margin (MW Index) at different operating states of the
system.
4.7 For the optimal operating state of 6 bus
system obtained in 4.2 determine the Available Transfer Capability (ATC)
between a given “source bus” and a given “s
5.
FAULT ANALYSIS
Aim
To become familiar with modelling and analysis of power systems
under faulted condition and to compute the fault level, post-fault voltages and
currents for different types of faults, both symmetric and unsymmetric.
Exercises
5.1 Calculate the fault current, post fault
voltage and fault current through the branches for a three phase to ground
fault in a small power system and also study the effect of neighbouring system.
Check the results using available software.
5.2 Obtain the fault current, fault MVA,
Post-fault bus voltages and fault current distribution for single line to
ground fault, line-to-line fault and double line to ground fault for a small power
system, using the available software. Also check the fault current and fault
MVA by hand calculation.
5.3 Carryout fault analysis for a sample power
system for LLLG, LG, LL and LLG faults and prepare the report.
6. TRANSIENT AND SMALL-SIGNAL STABILITY ANALYSIS:
SINGLE MACHINE-INFINITE BUS SYSTEM
Aim
To become familiar
with various aspects of the transient and small signal stability analysis of
Single-Machine Infinite Bus (SMIB) system.
Exercises
For a typical power
system comprising a generating, step-up transformer, double-circuit
transmission line connected to infinite bus:
Transient Stability
Analysis
6.1 Hand calculation of the initial conditions
necessary for the classical model of the synchronous machine.
6.2 Hand computation of critical clearing angle
and time for the fault using equal area criterion.
6.3 Simulation of typical disturbance sequence:
fault application, fault clearance by opening of one circuit using the software
available and checking stability by plotting the swing curve.
6.4 Determination of critical clearing angle and
time for the above fault sequence through trial and error method using the
software and checking with the hand computed value.
6.5 Repetition of the above for different fault
locations and assessing the fault severity with respect to the location of
fault
6.6 Determination of the steady-state and
transient stability margins.
Small-signal Stability
Analysis:
6.7 Familiarity with linearised swing equation and
characteristic equation and its roots, damped frequency of oscillation in Hz,
damping ratio and undamped natural frequency.
6.8 Force-free time response for an initial
condition using the available software.
6.9 Effect of positive, negative and zero damping.
7. TRANSIENT
STABILITY ANALYSIS OF MULTIMACHINE POWER SYSTEMS
Aim
To become familiar with modelling aspects of synchronous
machines and network, state-of-the-art algorithm for simplified transient
stability simulation, system behaviour when subjected to large disturbances in
the presence of synchronous machine controllers and to become proficient in the
usage of the software to tackle real life problems encountered in the areas of
power system planning and operation.
Exercises
For typical multi-machine
power system:
7.1 Simulation of typical disturbance sequence:
fault application, fault clearance by opening of a line using the software
available and assessing stability with and without controllers.
7.2 Determination of critical clearing angle and
time for the above fault sequence through trial and error method using the
software.
7.3 Determination of transient stability margins.
7.4 Simulation of full load rejection with and
without governor.
7.5 Simulation of loss of generation with and
without governor.
7.6 Simulation of loss of excitation (optional).
7.7 Simulation of under frequency load shedding
scheme (optional).
8.
ELECTROMAGNETIC TRANSIENTS IN POWER SYSTEMS
Aim
To study and understand the electromagnetic transient phenomena
in power systems caused due to switching and faults by using Electromagnetic
Transients Program (EMTP) and to become proficient in the usage of EMTP to
address problems in the areas of over voltage protection and mitigation and
insulation coordination of EHV systems.
Exercises
Using the EMTP
software or equivalent
Simulation of
single-phase energisation of the load through single-phase pi-model of a
transmission line and understanding the effect of source inductance.
8.1 Simulation of three-phase energisation of the
load through three-phase pi-model of a transmission line and understanding the
effect of pole discrepancy of a circuit breaker.
8.2 Simulation of energisation of an open-ended
single-phase distributed parameter transmission line and understanding the
travelling wave effects.
8.3 Simulation of a three-phase load energisation
through a three-phase distributed parameter line with simultaneous and
asynchronous closing of circuit breaker and studying the effects.
8.4 Study of transients due to single
line-to-ground fault.
8.5 Computation of transient recovery voltage.
9. LOAD-FREQUENCY DYNAMICS OF SINGLE-AREA AND
TWO-AREA POWER SYSTEMS
Aim
To become familiar with the modelling and analysis of
load-frequency and tie-line flow dynamics of a power system with load-frequency
controller (LFC) under different control modes and to design improved
controllers to obtain the best system response.
Exercises
9.1 Given the data for a Single-Area power system, simulate the
load-frequency dynamics (only governor control) of this area for a step load
disturbance of small magnitude, plot the time response of frequency deviation
and the corresponding change in turbine power. Check the value of steady state
frequency deviation obtained from simulation with that obtained by hand
calculation.
9.2 Carry out the simulation of load-frequency
dynamics of the Single-Area power system in 9.1 with Load-frequency controller
(Integral controller) for different values of KI (gain of the controller) and choose the best value of KI to give an “optimal” response with regard to peak over shoot,
settling time, steady-state error and Mean-Sum-Squared-Error.
9.3 Given the data for a two-area (identical
areas) power system, simulate the load-frequency dynamics (only governor
control) of this system for a step load disturbance in one area and plot time
response of frequency deviation, turbine power deviation and tie-line power deviation.
Compare the steady-state frequency deviation obtained with that obtained in the
case of single-area system.
9.4 Carry out the simulation of load-frequency dynamics
of two-area system in for the following
control modes:
(i) Flat tie-line control
(ii) Flat frequency control
(iii) Frequency bias tie-line control
and for the frequency
bias Tie-line control mode, determine the optimal values of gain and frequency
bias factor required to get the “best” time response.
9.5 Given the data for a two-area (unequal areas)
power system, determine the best controller parameters; gains and bias factors
to give an optimal response for frequency deviation and tie-line deviations
with regard to peak overshoot, settling
time, steady-state
error and Mean-Sum-Squared-Error.
10.
ECONOMIC DISPATCH IN POWER SYSTEMS
Aim
(i) To understand the basics of the problem of
Economic Dispatch (ED) of optimally adjusting the generation schedules of
thermal generating units to meet the system load which are required for unit
commitment and economic operation of power systems.
(ii) To understand the development of coordination
equations (the mathematical model for ED) without and with losses and operating
constraints and solution of these equations using direct and iterative methods
Exercises
10.1. Write a program in ‘C’ language to solve
economic dispatch problem of a power system with only thermal units. Take
production cost function as quadratic and neglect transmission loss.
10.2. Write a program in ‘C’ language to solve
economic dispatch problem of a power system. Take production cost as quadratic
and include transmission loss using loss co-efficient. Use λ-iteration
algorithm for solving the co-ordination equations.
10.3. Determine using the program developed in
exercise 10.1 the economic generation schedule of each unit and incremental
cost of received power for a sample power system, for a given load cycle.
10.4. Determine using the program developed in
exercise 10.2 the economic generation schedule of each unit, incremental cost
of received power and transmission loss for a sample system, for the given load
levels.
10.5. Apply the software module developed in 10.1 to
obtain an optimum unit commitment schedule for a few load levels.
REQUIREMENT FOR A
BATCH OF 30 STUDENTS
S.No.
|
Description of
Equipment
|
Quantity
|
required
|
||
1.
|
Personal computers
(Pentium-IV, 80GB, 512
|
25
|
MBRAM)
|
||
2.
|
Printer laser
|
1
|
3.
|
Dotmatrix
|
1
|
4.
|
Server (Pentium IV,
80GB, 1GBRAM) (High
|
1
|
Speed Processor)
|
||
5.
|
Software:
E.M.T.P/ETAP/CYME/MIPOWER
|
5 licenses
|
/any power system
simulation software
|
||
6.
|
Compliers: C, C++,
VB, VC++
|
25 users
|
EE 2405
|
COMPREHENSION
|
L T P C
|
0 0 2 1
|
AIM:
To encourage the
students to comprehend the knowledge acquired from the first Semester to Sixth
Semester of B.E Degree Course through periodic exercise.
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